ABSTRACT
The interplay between obesity and gastrointestinal (GI) motility is contradictory, and the transgenerational influence on this parameter is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the GI function in a model of paternal obesity and two subsequent generations of their male offspring. Newborn male rats were treated with monosodium glutamate (MSG) and composed the F1 generation, while control rats (CONT) received saline. At 90 days, male F1 were mated with non-obese females to obtain male offspring (F2), which later mated with non-obese females for obtaining male offspring of F3 generation. Lee Index analysis was adopted to set up the obesity groups. Alternating current biosusceptometry (ACB) technique was employed to calculate GI transit parameters: mean gastric emptying time (MGET), mean cecum arrival time (MCAT), mean small intestinal transit time (MSITT), and gastric frequency and amplitude of contractions. Glucose, insulin, and leptin levels and duodenal morphometry were measured. F1 obese rats showed a decrease in the frequency and amplitude of gastric contractions, while obese rats from the F2 generation showed accelerated MGET and delayed MCAT and MSITT. Glucose and leptin levels were increased in F1 and F2 generations. Insulin levels decreased in F1, F2, and F3 generations. Duodenal morphometry was altered in all three generations. Obesity may have paternal transgenerational transmission, and it provoked disturbances in the gastrointestinal function of three generations.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Rats , Paternal Exposure , Obesity/etiology , Gastrointestinal Transit , Leptin , Gastrointestinal Motility , InsulinABSTRACT
Abstract This systematic review examined the effects of paternal exposure to a high-fat diet on the likelihood of offspring developing health consequences, including metabolic conditions. While the connection between a mother's diet and offspring health has been well established, our understanding of whether offspring health is affected by a father's diet remains limited. This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) recommendations. The PubMed, Scopus, and Embase electronic databases were searched using combinations of the MESH terms: obesogenic diet, high-fat diet, cafeteria diet, paternal diet, parental diet, programming, paternal effects, and paternal programming. Sixteen studies were selected after assessing articles for eligibility criteria. The main outcomes concerning offspring health related to metabolic disorders. The offspring of fathers exposed to a high-fat diet displayed elevated gene expression and serum levels of leptin, decreased gene expression and serum levels of adiponectin, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, changes in the transcriptome of pancreatic islet tissues, increased triglycerides, and increased expression of lipogenic genes. The available evidence suggests that paternal exposure to a high-fat diet may induce harmful effects on the health of offspring.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Paternal Behavior , Dietary Fats/adverse effects , Paternal Exposure , Feeding BehaviorABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#We aimed to examine the association of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke with dental caries among preschool children. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was assessed in terms of urinary cotinine concentrations and pack-years of exposure to smoking by parents and other family members at home.@*METHODS@#This cross-sectional study included 405 preschool children aged 3-6 years from two preschools in Japan in 2006. Information on the smoking habits of family members living with the child was obtained from parent-administered questionnaires. Dental examination was conducted to assess dental caries, that is, decayed and/or filled teeth. Urinary cotinine levels were measured using first-void morning urine samples.@*RESULTS@#Overall, 31.1% of the children had dental caries, and 29.5% had decayed teeth. Exposure to current maternal and paternal smoking was positively associated with the presence of dental caries after controlling for covariates. More than three pack-years of exposure to maternal smoking and more than five pack-years of exposure to smoking by all family members were significantly associated with the presence of dental caries as compared with no exposure (odds ratio [OR] = 5.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.17-14.22, P for trend < 0.001 and OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.12-3.58, P for trend = 0.004, respectively). These exposure variables were similarly associated with the presence of decayed teeth (OR = 2.92, 95% CI = 1.23-6.96, P for trend = 0.01 and OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 0.96-3.20, P for trend = 0.03, respectively). As compared with lowest tertile of the urinary cotinine level, the highest tertile of the urinary cotinine level was significantly associated with the presence of dental caries as well as decayed teeth; the ORs for the highest vs. lowest tertile of urinary cotinine levels were 3.10 (95% CI = 1.71-5.63, P for trend = 0.012) and 2.02 (95% CI = 1.10-3.70, P for trend = 0.10), respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#These data suggest that exposure to tobacco smoke may have a dose-dependent influence on the development of caries.
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Cotinine , Urine , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dental Caries , Epidemiology , Japan , Epidemiology , Logistic Models , Maternal Exposure , Parents , Paternal Exposure , Risk Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Tobacco Smoke Pollution , Tobacco Smoking , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study aimed to explore the association between periconceptional fish consumption by parents and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intelligence deficiency (ID).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A case-control study was conducted through a questionnaire with 108 ASD cases, 79 ID cases, and 108 controls. The ASD and ID cases were students from special educational schools in Tianjin from 2012 to 2014. The age- and sex-matched controls were from a high school, three primary schools, and a kindergarten in Tianjin. Multivariate logistic regression was performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Paternal habit of eating hairtail before fertilization, maternal preference for fruits during pregnancy, and maternal habit of eating grass carp during pregnancy were preventive factors for ASD. Paternal habit of drinking alcohol before fertilization was a risk factor for ID, whereas maternal preference for fruits during pregnancy and maternal habit of eating crucian carp during pregnancy were protective factors for ID.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Parental fish consumption is beneficial for the prevention of ASD and ID. Meanwhile, the protective effects of fish consumption on ASD and ID differ. More attention should be paid to the combined effect of other food when eating fish.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Autism Spectrum Disorder , Epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , China , Epidemiology , Diet , Environmental Exposure , Fishes , Incidence , Intellectual Disability , Epidemiology , Maternal Exposure , Paternal Exposure , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Epidemiology , Risk Factors , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Research in Western nations suggests that parents' involvement in their children's media use can make a difference in how adolescents select; process and respond to sexual television messages. Little or no published research has investigated this issue in sub-Saharan Africa; even though adolescents and young adults remain among the groups at highest risk for HIV transmission. This study investigated the relationship between Kenyan adolescents' level of exposure to sexual television content and their parents' mediation of their television use. A cluster sample of 427 Nairobi public high school students was surveyed regarding parental mediation of their media use and their intake of sexual television content. Co-viewing with opposite sex friends was associated with higher intake of sexual TV content. This relationship was stronger among boarding school students than among day school students. Parental mediation and co-viewing variables predicted three times as much variance among boarding than among day school students
Subject(s)
Demography , Paternal Exposure , Schools , Sexuality , South Africa , Students , Television/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association between autism and prenatal environmental risk factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A case-control study was conducted among 193 children with autism from the special educational schools and 733 typical development controls matched by age and gender by using questionnaire in Tianjin from 2007 to 2012. Statistical analysis included quick unbiased efficient statistical tree (QUEST) and logistic regression in SPSS 20.0.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were four predictors by QUEST and the logistic regression analysis, maternal air conditioner use during pregnancy (OR=0.316, 95% CI: 0.215-0.463) was the single first-level node (χ²=50.994, P=0.000); newborn complications (OR=4.277, 95% CI: 2.314-7.908) and paternal consumption of freshwater fish (OR=0.383, 95% CI: 0.256-0.573) were second-layer predictors (χ²=45.248, P=0.000; χ²=24.212, P=0.000); and maternal depression (OR=4.822, 95% CI: 3.047-7.631) was the single third-level predictor (χ²=23.835, P=0.000). The prediction accuracy of the tree was 89.2%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The air conditioner use during pregnancy and paternal freshwater fish diet might be beneficial for the prevention of autism, while newborn complications and maternal depression might be the risk factors.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Air Conditioning , Air Pollution , Autistic Disorder , Epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , China , Epidemiology , Delivery, Obstetric , Methods , Depression , Diet , Environmental Exposure , Income , Logistic Models , Maternal Exposure , Obstetric Labor Complications , Epidemiology , Paternal Exposure , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Epidemiology , Risk Factors , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
The aim was to study the effect of preconception gamma irradiation on the gross morphometry of the adult female mice and its embryo. Twenty-seven mice; 18 females and 9 males: subdivided into 3 groups namely (Control, Non-Irradiation and Radiation) containing 6 females and 3 male mice each in 2:1 ratio. A gamma irradiation dose of 1Gy/min was delivered to each batch of mice exposed by a Cobalt 60, Theratron 780c model, by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) at the Radiotherapy department of the University College Hospital, Ibadan. All the animals were mated 1 week post irradiation. Vaginal plugs were confirmed, and the pregnant females were sacrificed on day 14 of gestation by chloroform inhalation. The gross morphology of the female mice and their harvested litters were assessed and statistically analysed. A total of 113 embryos were harvested in all groups; 54 for Control, 50 for Non-Irradiated and 9 for the irradiation group. The gross morphologic assessments of the fetuses were statistically significant at P value < 0.05 for all the 3 groups compared. These findings suggest that a preconception irradiation affects the morphology of the female mice and its progeny.
El objetivo fue estudiar el efecto de la irradiación gamma antes de la concepción sobre la morfometría macroscópica de ratones hembra adultos y los embriones de sus crías. Veinte y siete ratones, 18 hembras y 9 machos, divididos en 3 grupos (control, sin irradiación e irradiado) con 6 hembras y 3 machos cada uno en proporción 2:1. Una dosis de radiación gamma de 1 Gy/min fue aplicada a uno de los ratones expuestos por un equipo Cobalt 60, Theratron modelo 780c, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) en el departamento de radioterapia del Hospital University College de Ibadan. Todos los animales se aparearon 1 semana después de la irradiación. Se confirmaron los tapones vaginales, y las hembras preñadas fueron sacrificadas en el día 14 de la gestación por inhalación de cloroformo. La morfología general de los ratones hembras y sus camadas fueron evaluadas y analizadas estadísticamente. Un total de 113 embriones se recolectaron en todos los grupos, 54 del grupo control, 50 del grupo no irradiados y 9 del grupo irradiado. Las evaluaciones morfológicas macroscópicas de los fetos fueron estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) para los 3 grupos de comparación. Estos hallazgos sugieren que una irradiación previa a la concepción afecta a la morfología de los ratones hembra y su progenie.
Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Rats , Embryo, Mammalian/radiation effects , Gamma Rays , Maternal Exposure , Spinal Cord/radiation effects , Paternal ExposureABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relationship between parental exposure to chemicals and the risk of childhood acute leukemia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>An exploratory case-control study was conducted among 201 new cases of childhood acute leukemia under 15 years old who went to 3 children's hospitals in Shanghai, China from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2010, as well as 201 sex- and age-matched children (as controls) who went to the child health care clinic or department of orthopedics in the above hospitals. A survey was performed by face-to-face interviews with children's mothers.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The risk factors for childhood acute leukemia might include maternal exposure to total chemicals (diesel oil, gasoline, paints, insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, and chemical fertilizers) from 3 months before pregnancy to the end of pregnancy (OR = 2.9, 95%CI = 1.1 ∼ 7.8), paternal exposure to insecticides (OR = 10.1, 95%CI = 1.2 ∼ 82.9) and chemical fertilizers (OR = 9.5, 95%CI = 1.1 ∼ 79.6) within 3 months before pregnancy, maternal working experiences in agriculture and forestry before pregnancy (OR = 8.4, 95%CI = 1.4 ∼ 50.2) and in spinning, leather processing, decoration, and vehicle repair before pregnancy (OR = 3.0, 95%CI = 1.2 ∼ 7.9) and during pregnancy (OR = 3.2, 95%CI = 1.1 ∼ 9.6), and paternal working experiences in agriculture and forestry (OR = 9.6, 95%CI = 2.1-44.8) and in spinning, leather processing, decoration, and vehicle repair (OR = 2.3, 95%CI = 1.1-5.0).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Parental exposure to chemicals may increase the risk of childhood acute leukemia in their offspring.</p>
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Acute Disease , China , Leukemia , Maternal Exposure , Paternal Exposure , Risk Factors , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association between paternal exposure to occupational electromagnetic radiation and the sex ratio of the offspring.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We searched various databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, OVID, Bioscience Information Service (BIOSIS), China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals and Wanfang Database, for the literature relevant to the association of paternal exposure to occupational electromagnetic radiation with the sex ratio of the offspring. We conducted a meta-analysis on their correlation using Stata 11.0.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no statistically significant difference in the sex ratio between the offspring with paternal exposure to occupational electromagnetic radiation and those without (pooled OR = 1.00 [95% CI: 0.95 -1.05], P = 0.875). Subgroup analysis of both case-control and cohort studies revealed no significant difference (pooled OR = 1.03 [95% CI: 0.99 -1.08], P = 0.104 and pooled OR = 0.98 [95% CI: 0.99 -1.08], P = 0.186, respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Paternal exposure to occupational electromagnetic radiation is not correlated with the sex ratio of the offspring.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Electromagnetic Radiation , Occupational Exposure , Paternal Exposure , Risk Factors , Sex RatioABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: avaliar a associação entre a exposição dos genitores aos agrotóxicos e nascimentos com defeitos congênitos no Vale do São Francisco, bem como o perfil sociodemográfico e os defeitos encontrados. MÉTODOS: estudo tipo caso-controle, sendo que para cada caso (recém-nascido com defeito congênito), eram dois controles (recém-nascidos saudáveis) nascidos na cidade de Petrolina, no Vale do São Francisco, em 2009. A amostra constou de 42 casos e 84 controles. Os dados formam colhidos com uso de questionário estruturado, adaptado do Estudo Colaborativo Latino-Americano de Malformações Congênitas (ECLAMC), acrescido de questões relacionadas à exposição aos agrotóxicos, análise do prontuário e contato com a pediatra do hospital. Foi realizado o teste do χ2 com nível de significância de 5 por cento para identificar as variáveis com maiores diferenças entre os grupos caso e controle. Em seguida, foi calculado o Odds Ratio (OR) amostral, bem como o OR obtido por análise de regressão logística e, finalmente, realizou-se uma análise de regressão logística multivariada. RESULTADOS: houve maior exposição aos agrotóxicos durante a gestação em neonatos com defeitos congênitos se comparados aos saudáveis. Maior risco foi observado quando pelo menos um dos genitores foi exposto aos agrotóxicos (OR ajustado = 1,3; IC95 por cento = 0,4-3,9). As variáveis sociodemográficas associadas aos defeitos congênitos foram: baixa escolaridade, baixo peso, prematuridade, genitores jovens, doenças crônicas e fatores físicos. Foram encontrados com maior frequência os polimalformados e os defeitos dos sistemas musculoesquelético e nervoso. CONCLUSÃO: o presente estudo, a despeito de não apresentar significância, sugere associação entre a exposição aos agrotóxicos e a ocorrência de defeitos congênitos.
PURPOSE: to evaluate associations between parental exposure to pesticides and births with congenital defects in São Francisco Valley, as well as the demographic profile and the defects found. METHODS: in this case-control study, each case (newborns with congenital defects) had two controls (healthy newborns). The subjects were born in the city of Petrolina, in São Francisco Valley, in 2009. The sample consisted of 42 cases and 84 controls. Data were gathered by a structured questionnaire adapted from Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC), with the addition of questions related to exposure to pesticides, analysis of the medical records and contact with the hospital's pediatrician. The χ2 test was performed with a significance level of 5 percent to identify the variables with the greatest differences between case and control groups. Odds Ratio (OR) for the sample was calculated, as well as the OR obtained by logistic regression analysis, and finally, multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: there was a greater exposure to pesticides during pregnancy in infants with congenital defects compared to healthy subjects. Increased risk was observed when at least one parent was exposed to pesticides (adjusted OR = 1.3; 95 percentCI = 0.4 - 3.9). The sociodemographic variables associated with congenital defects were: low school level, low weight, prematurity, young parents, chronic diseases, and physical factors. Multiple malformations and defects of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems were more frequently found. CONCLUSIONS: the present study suggests an association between exposure to pesticides and the occurrence of congenital defects, although the data were not significant.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant, Newborn , Adolescent , Adult , Male , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/etiology , Congenital Abnormalities/etiology , Maternal Exposure/adverse effects , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Maternal Exposure/adverse effects , Pesticide Exposure , Paternal Exposure/adverse effects , Pesticides/adverse effects , Risk Factors , Brazil , Case-Control StudiesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of paternal Di-N-butyl-phthalate (DBP) exposure pre- and postnatally on F1 generation offspring, and prenatally on F2 generation offspring.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Male mice were exposed to either 500 mg/kg or 2 000 mg/kg of DBP for 8 weeks, and mated with non-exposed females. Three-quarters of the females were sacrificed a day prior to parturition, and examined for the number of living and dead implantations, and incidence of gross malformations. Pups from the remaining females were assessed for developmental markers, growth parameters, as well as sperm quantity and quality.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were no changes in the fertility of parents and in intrauterine development of the offspring. Pups of DBP-exposed males demonstrated growth-retardation. Following paternal exposure to 500 mg/kg bw of DBP, there were almost twice the number of males than females born in the F1 generation. F1 generation females had a 2.5-day delay in vaginal opening. Paternal exposure to 2 000 mg/kg bw of DBP increased the incidence of sperm head malformations in F1 generation males; however, there were no changes in the fertility and viability of foetuses in the F2 generation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Paternal DBP exposure may disturb the sex ratio of the offspring, delay female sexual maturation, and deteriorate the sperm quality of F1 generation males.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Mice , Pregnancy , Abnormalities, Drug-Induced , Dibutyl Phthalate , Toxicity , Paternal Exposure , Plasticizers , Toxicity , Sex Ratio , Sexual Development , Sperm Head , PathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To asses the association between intake of folate and B vitamins and the incidence of spontaneous abortion (SA) according to the maternal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms (677 C>T and 1298 A>C). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study within a perinatal cohort of women recruited in the state of Morelos, Mexico. Twenty-three women with SA were compared to 74 women whose pregnancy survived beyond week 20th. Intake of folate and B vitamins respectively, was estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Maternal MTHFR polymorphisms were determined by PCR-RFLP and serum homocysteine levels by HPLC. RESULTS: Carriers of MTHFR 677TT and 1298AC genotypes respectively showed an increased risk of SA (OR 677TT vs. CC/CT=5.0; 95 percent CI: 1.2, 20.9 and OR 1298 AC vs. AA=5.5; 95 percent CI: 1.1, 26.6). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the role of MTHFR polymorphisms as a risk factor for SA, regardless of dietary intake of B vitamins.
OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre aborto espontáneo (AE) y el consumo dietético de vitaminas B en mujeres mexicanas portadoras de los polimorfismos de la metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa (MTHFR) (677 C>T y 1298 A>C). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Mediante un diseño de casos y controles anidados en una cohorte, se comparó la ingesta dietética materna de vitaminas B y folato, los polimorfismos maternos de la MTHFR y la concentración sérica de homocisteina de 23 casos de AE (< 20 semanas) y 74 controles (mujeres con embarazos > 20 semanas). RESULTADOS: Las portadoras de los genotipos MTHFR 677TT y 1298AC presentaron un incremento significativo en el riesgo de AE (RM 677TT vs. CC/CT=5.0; IC 95 por ciento: 1.2, 20.9 RM 1298 AC vs. AA=5.5; IC95 por ciento: 1.1, 26.6), respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestros resultados apoyan el papel de la mutación de la MTHFR como posible factor de riesgo para el AE, independientemente del consumo de vitaminas B.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Abortion, Spontaneous/genetics , /genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Abortion, Spontaneous/epidemiology , Body Mass Index , Case-Control Studies , Diet Surveys , Folic Acid , Homocysteine/blood , Mexico/epidemiology , Occupations/statistics & numerical data , Paternal Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Risk Factors , Smoking/epidemiology , Vitamin B Complex , Women, Working , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Investigar a tendência temporal da proporção de nascimentos masculinos para o Estado do Paraná no período entre 1994 e 2004 e a correlação dessa tendência com o volume de vendas de agrotóxicos no Estado em 1985. MÉTODO: No presente estudo ecológico, foram empregados como fontes de dados o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (volume de vendas de agrotóxicos) e o banco DATASUS (nascidos vivos segundo o sexo). Foram analisados 308 municípios, divididos em quartis conforme o consumo de agrotóxicos, resultando em quatro estratos contendo 77 municípios cada um, sendo o quarto quartil o de maior consumo. A proporção de nascimentos masculinos foi obtida ano a ano para cada município e, ao final do período (1994 a 2004), um valor mediano foi calculado para cada uma das localidades. Foi realizada uma análise bivariada e calculados os coeficientes de Pearson para cada quartil de municípios. Uma análise exploratória e comparativa dos quartis foi realizada, na qual se calculou o consumo médio per capita para os mesmos. Posteriormente, foram selecionados e analisados individualmente 10 municípios com intensa atividade agropecuária quanto ao perfil agrícola e à tendência da proporção de nascimentos masculinos ao longo do período de estudo. RESULTADOS: Foi observada uma discreta tendência de declínio na proporção de nascidos vivos do sexo masculino para o Estado como um todo. A magnitude desse declínio foi visivelmente maior quando se analisou individualmente o grupo de 10 municípios, cujos valores observados ao final da série mostraram-se muito abaixo daqueles normalmente descritos na literatura (proporção de nascimentos masculinos < 50 por cento). Em relação aos quartis, todos apresentaram correlação negativa, ainda que sem significância estatística. CONCLUSÕES: A tendência de declínio estatisticamente significativa na proporção de nascimentos masculinos em alguns municípios paranaenses sugere que o fenômeno possa ser decorrente...
OBJECTIVE: To determine the trend in male birth rates from 1994-2004 in the state of Paraná, Brazil, and whether a correlation exists between this trend and the state's agricultural toxic sales in 1985. METHOD: This ecological study employed data from the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (agricultural toxic sales) and the Unified Health System's data-base "DATASUS" (sex ratio at birth). Three hundred and eight (308) municipalities were analyzed, divided into quartiles by pesticide usage. Each of the four resulting quartiles included 77 municipalities, with the fourth quartile representing the highest consumption. The male birth rate was obtained for each year for each municipality. Then the median rate was calculated for the entire period (1994-2004) for each municipality. A bivariate analysis was carried out. Pearson coefficients were calculated for each quartile. An exploratory and comparative analysis of quartiles was performed, and the mean per capita consumption was calculated for each quartile. Ten municipalities with intense agricultural activity were then selected and analyzed individually in terms of their agricultural profile and male birth rate trend during the study period. RESULTS: A discrete decline was observed in the rate of live male births for the entire state. The magnitude of this decline was more evident when the group of 10 municipalities was analyzed: in this group, the rates observed at the end of the study period were much lower than those usually described in the literature (male birth rate < 50 percent). Pearson's correlation was negative for all quartiles, although without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The statistically significant trend towards a decline in male births in some of the Paraná municipalities suggests that this phenomenon may be a result of a high level of environmental exposure to pesticides. Future studies should confirm and measure the impact of environmental pesticide...
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pregnancy , Agrochemicals/toxicity , Birth Rate/trends , Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity , Environmental Pollutants/toxicity , Sex Ratio , Brazil/epidemiology , Maternal Exposure/adverse effects , Paternal Exposure/adverse effects , Pesticide Residues/toxicityABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify the risk factors associated with congenital microtia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A case-control, retrospective study was performed. A total of 207 cases of congenital microtia and 209 age-frequently-matched controls were interviewed individually according to the uniform questionnaire. The questionnaire included: (1) Essential information about patients and their parents. (2) First trimester diseases and medication of mother. (3) Past gestation history of mother. (4) Family history and life style of the parent. The available data were analyzed by chi-square test and multivariate Logistic regression model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The factors, such as gender (OR = 5.893), first trimester disease of mother (OR = 34.49) and medication (OR = 4.299), excessive drinking and smoking of father (OR = 4. 347, OR = 4.304), non-primiparous parity (OR = 9.524), abortion (spontaneous and induced, OR = 1.723), low-education of mother (OR = 2.275) were risk factors contributing to microtia in multivariate study. The factors, such as tea (OR = 0.179) were protective factors in multivariate study.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Multi-risks factors are contributing to microtia. Preventive measures according to risk factors should be put forward.</p>
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Case-Control Studies , Congenital Abnormalities , Ear Auricle , Congenital Abnormalities , Maternal Exposure , Paternal Exposure , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
The authors examined 100 carbon disulphide (CS2) exposed male workers who had been employed ten years prior to study were selected for the study. They were virtually obliged to participate in the study by the Medical Labor Inspector and all of them participated voluntary. The aim was to assess the effects of occupational exposure to carbon disulphide concentrations below the threshold limit value (31 mg/m3) on the reproductive functions with special emphasis on miscarriages. Specially, workers history records were build up on number of children, miscarriages and general weakness, mental fatigue etc. It was found that the incidences of number of miscarriages against number of living children correlated well with environmental concentration of CS2. Where the average CS2 levels were 1.695 ppm, the incidences of miscarriages was 5.71% (group 1). Where as in group 2 environmental concentrations were 12.28 ppm and the incidences of miscarriages were 18.91%. It was also found that in the spinning department the exposure exceeds many times the Threshold Limit Values (TL V).
Subject(s)
Abortion, Spontaneous/chemically induced , Carbon Disulfide/analysis , Cellulose , Environmental Monitoring/statistics & numerical data , Humans , India/epidemiology , Male , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Paternal Exposure/adverse effects , TextilesABSTRACT
Several epidemiological studies link pesticide exposure to reproductive and developmental toxicity. However, additional studies have shown little or no evidence to support such relationship. On the other hand, experimental data show that some pesticides may indeed alter the reproductive function or produce birth defects (as evidenced by intrauterine death, in utero growth retardation, visceral and skeletal malformations or functional deficits) in laboratory animals. This review is a critical analysis of the epidemiological and experimental evidence available to date, that links pesticide exposure with induction of reproductive or developmental defects. Factors that must be considered when establishing a cause-effect relationship are also discussed, including the shape of the dose-response curve, exposure to pesticides in chemical mixtures and the influence of genetic background.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Agricultural Workers' Diseases/epidemiology , Agricultural Workers' Diseases/chemically induced , Occupational Exposure , Pesticides/toxicity , Chile/epidemiology , Maternal Exposure/adverse effects , Paternal Exposure/adverse effectsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the risk factors in the development of central nervous system (CNS) congenital malformations.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A hospital-based 1:2 matched case-control study was conducted. Each case was matched with two normal controls on sex and residential area, date of birth, within half a year. By means of simple and multivariable conditional logistic regression, 48 factors were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Maternal exposure to pesticide or having cold with fever, family history of positive congenital malformations, preference eating pickled vegetables, negative life events, large consumption of meat, eggs, beans and milk during pregnancy and paternal exposure to poisonous chemicals were significantly associated with CNS congenital malformations, with odds ratios 16.471, 12.621, 10.246, 7.274, 3.730, 0.229, 5.616, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Maternal exposure to pesticides, cold with fever, positive congenital malformations family history, preference of eating pickled vegetables, negative life events during pregnancy, and paternal exposure to poisonous chemicals were the key risk factors contributing to CNS congenital malformations, while maternal exposure to big consumption of meat, eggs, beans and milk during pregnancy was protective factors that reducing CNS congenital malformations.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Case-Control Studies , China , Epidemiology , Environmental Exposure , Maternal Exposure , Nervous System Malformations , Epidemiology , Neural Tube Defects , Epidemiology , Paternal Exposure , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
To identify the possibility of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vertical transmission from father to fetus, eight male HBV carriers whose wives were negative for any HBV marker and their eight aborted fetuses who had been infected with HBV in utero, were studied. S gene 451 approximately 660 nucleotide sequence of HBV in 6 cases of father/fetus pairs and C gene 2022 approximately 2321 nucleotide sequence in the other 2 cases of father/fetus pairs were amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (NPCR), and sequenced. HBV DNA was detected in the semen and spermatid of male HBV carriers. The homologies of HBV sequences between father and fetus were very high. Six father/fetus pairs had the same subtype adw. The sequences of the fragment were identical between father and fetus in 4 cases. Especially in case 3, both father and fetus had the same point mutation, which caused an amino acid substitution at codon 126. The other two cases had point mutations in the fetus at nucleotide positions 491, 494, 546, 581 resulting in amino acid substitution at codons 113, 114, 131, 143. The C gene 2022 approximately 2321 nucleotide sequences in two cases were identical. There were eleven common point mutations between father and fetus, but those mutations did not cause phenotypic changes. Our finding suggested that HBV vertical transmission from father to fetus was present. A HBV carrier father may transmit the virus to his fetus by spermatid.
Subject(s)
Adult , Carrier State , DNA, Viral/analysis , Female , Hepatitis B/transmission , Humans , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Male , Paternal Exposure , Polymerase Chain Reaction , PregnancyABSTRACT
Alcoolismo tem sido estudado como uma condicao psicologica que esta relacionada com uma elevada taxa de transmissao familiar. Filhos de alcoolistas na idade adulta, quando comparados com a populacao geral. Estudos transversais tem...
Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Risk , Alcoholism , /diagnosis , Child Development , Prospective Studies , Longitudinal Studies , Paternal ExposureABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Cryptorchidism is the most common urogenital congenital malformations in males, which increases male infertility and testicular tumors. It is necessary to identify its risk factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A hospital-based case-control study was conducted. Cases were 99 boys with cryptorchidism with two matched controls per case were randomly selected. Both cases and controls were interviewed with a uniformed questionnaire by face to face. Conditional logistic regression model was used for univariable and multivariate analysis by SAS6.12 computer software was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and their 95 per cent confidence internals (95% CI).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Multiple conditional logistic regression analysis showed that cryptorchidism was positively associated with maternal common cold accompanied fever in the first trimester (OR = 9.37, 95% CI: 2.25 - 39.09), with threatened abortion in the first and/or second trimester (OR = 4.66, 95% CI: 2.02 - 10.74), maternal preeclampsia during pregnancy (OR = 16.33, 95% CI: 1.40 - 191.20), paternal exposure to pesticides occupationally (OR = 12.79, 95% CI: 2.90 - 56.43), neonatal low birth weight (OR = 5.77, 95% CI: 1.39 - 23.98), and maternal age under 24 years (OR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.29 - 4.06).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The risk factors of cryptorchidism were maternal common cold accompanied fever in the first trimester, threatened abortion in the first and/or second trimester, maternal preeclampsia during pregnancy, paternal exposure to pesticides occupationally, neonatal low birth weight, maternal age under 24 years.</p>